تحلیل ویژگی‌های صوری و محتوایی نقاشی دوره‌های کاماکورا و آشیکاگا؛ با تأکید بر آموزه‌های بودیسم و ذن بودیسم

Japan has always been one of the most important ancient and noble cultures. Japanese culture and art, like all original cultures, have unique elements. Japanese art encompasses a wide variety of genres. Painting is one of the oldest forms of Japanese art and includes various genres. Naturalism plays a central role in traditional Japanese painting. Japanese painting was influenced by Chinese painting before the 16th century and Western art. The basic Japanese painting styles are Buddhist religious paintings, ink concentration painting, and Japanese calligraphy. The art of painting became popular in Japan when Buddhist monks and Korean and Chinese artists settled there. The supremacy of Zen religion over Shinto and Buddhism in the 14th century had an effect on Japanese painting. In general, the characteristics of Japanese painting can be summarized as follows: 1. Virginity and being under the least influence of other arts (except Chinese art) 2. The direct effect of mountains and sea on the art works 3. Lack of distinction between the real and the ideal 4. The dual atmosphere of peace and chaos. Japanese aesthetics were first noticed and introduced to non-Japanese audiences almost at the beginning of the 20th century. The most important principles of Japanese art include the five concepts of mono no awarw, wabi, sabi, yugen and kirei, which are also used in Kamakura painting in connection with Zen Buddhism. In Zen thinking, the creation of a work of art is the result of the artist's inner connection with nature. The artist must have the ability to become unique and harmonize with nature. Nature is always an important source for inspiration and original creation, and everything in nature has beauty and noble spirit and deserves admiration and respect. In the Zen aesthetic tradition, art in its highest form is the expression of nature. Zen artists are trying to show the impermanence and constant change of nature and its constant movement. Buddhism, and especially Zen Buddhism, significantly influenced Japanese aesthetics; as far as we can say, the concepts whose primary expression was Shinto metaphysics were placed in their right place by the ideals and principles of Buddhism. The perception of Japanese art by people outside of Japan, as embodied and known by themes especially Buddhism, is a distinct understanding of its influences on the country's artistic tradition. Zen path and Zen art pursue a common goal, which is to find a way to escape from limitations, freedom and salvation. A path to mindlessness, which is possible through seeing one's own existential nature. The Zen artist is trying to show us the inner beauty and truth. The general characteristics of Zen art and Zen Buddhism in Japanese art can be summarized as follows: Zen Buddhism: abundance of themes and narratives related to Buddha; the expression of religious ideas by the city; emphasis on narration; long and detailed folding scrolls to facilitate narration. Zen: love of nature, appreciation of beauty and emotions; great emphasis on direct experience of the nature of things; the work of art is a diagram of the unity of soul and body, inside and outside of the artist; Zen art is the result of unity between spiritual energies and human practical experience; showing empty spaces, stillness and silence; abstract and unreal subjects while natural and normal at the same time. In the 12th century, a kind of painting was formed that was purely Japanese and was called Yamatue. If the Chinese used scroll painting mainly in landscape painting, the Japanese used it to serve life events. Bright colors and fast and thin engravings, flat colors and often from above, are the features of this style. The supremacy of Zen over Shinto and Buddhist religions in the 14th century influenced Japanese painting, and Zen monks brought examples of Sung-era composite water from China to Japan, and the Chinese landscape became popular. In Japanese painting, the Kamakura and Ashikaga periods are essential because of the influence of Zen and Zen Buddhism schools. The importance of this issue indicates the need for research on applying the theoretical foundations of painting, in terms of content and method, based on Buddhism and Zen Buddhism. This study aims to explain 12th to 16th-century Japanese paintings (Kamakura and Ashikaga). Accordingly, the main question in this research is: What are the formal and content features of Kamakura and Ashikaga painting based on Buddhism and Zen Buddhism? In this research, the method of collecting information is the library and viewing images, and the analysis method is qualitative. This study shows that the power of Zen Buddhist thought in the Kamakura era has created priorities such as the need to address the themes and narrations related to the Buddha, the expression of religious ideas. Ashikaga painting has strengthened the power of Zen thinking, love of nature, praise of beauty, emotions, and so on. This art is also the result of the unity between spiritual energies and practical experience. Showing empty spaces, stillness, and silence and emphasizing abstract and unreal themes are the features of the art of this period. As a result, narrative and even religious issues have declined during this period.