Rahpooye Honar-Ha-Ye Tajassomi

Rahpooye Honar-Ha-Ye Tajassomi

An analysis of lacquer painting of Qajar era (Based on the works in Golestan museum) ……. Research Paper

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Handicraft, Islamic Arts, Calligraphy and Miniature Painting Department, Faculty of Art, Soore University, Tehran, Iran.
2 M.A Islamic Art, soore University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Lacquer painting was used to decorate the book covers since the late Timurid period. This art became more prevalent in the Safavid and Zand eras, and reached its peak in the Qajar era. In this manner, Painting was done on objects of  pulp (cover, pen box, mirror frame).After painting, the artist covers surface of the work with lacquer. Using this material, the painting colors remained between the layers of oil lacquer, so that the colors become more beautiful over time. The laquer material protected paintings from biological damage, pale coloration and maturation over time. Since Golestan Museum has a rich collection of lacquer works, and these works are one of the most valuable ones of their time, they have various technical and visual characteristics. This study aimed to determine an organization and set for these characteristics, so that it can indicate lacquer painting methods of the Qajar era. Moreover, it was tried to answer these questions: What are the technical and visual characteristics of lacquer works in Golestan Museum? Is it possible to indicate a collection of characteristics of the Qajar lacquer works based on the available works in Golestan Museum? This study used a descriptive-analytical methodology and library data to collect data. Therefore, observation and investigation of the lacquer works were the main incentives of the study. Statistical population under study was all the 39 works in Golestan museum, which were examined by descriptive-analytical approach. The most important results to be mentioned are presented here. Lacquer works of Golestan Palace were mostly made as ornamental .Lacquer painting of the Qajar era flourished well in the second half of the 13th century, and the main patterns used in the works were illumination, Gol o Morgh, landscaping, sculpture, and hunting. Lacquer painting can be divided into two groups in the area of illustration of the human body. In the first period from the beginning of the Qajar dynasty to the early days of the reign of Naser-al-Din Shah, images were designed based on the style of traditional Iranian painting aesthetics accompanied by brief effects of the European painting. The effects of photographic camera and the European realistic style were clearly observed in the works of the next period from the early days of the reign of Naser-al-Din Shah Qajar. Most of the animal’s pattern on the works was related to the bird’s images, and the most important plant patterns were devoted to the flowers’ images. There were some European painting effects in terms of subjects, painting style and composition in most of the works. Landscaping images have been designed to create perspective and background elements smaller than the sculpture. In some of Lacquer’s works, the writings have been used in conjunction with the images, in terms of their composition in harmony with the painting. Most of the  writing was don with Nastaliq’s line and for reference. Illustration of man, especially the king, was quite important, and greatness and power of the Qajar court was the main aim of the representation of images.
Keywords

منابع فارسی
آژند. یعقوب(1389). نگارگری ایران(پژوهشی در تاریخ نقاشی و نگارگری ایران). جلد2. سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی. دانشگاه‌ها(سمت). تهران.
آغداشلو، آیدین و جاسم غضبانپور(1376). آقا لطفعلی صورتگر. سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور. تهران.
احسانی، محمد تقی(1368). جلدها و قلمدان‌های ایرانی. امیرکبیر. تهران.
اسکندر پور خرمی، پرویز(1383). طوبای گل و مرغ. چاپ و انتشارات. تهران.
اسکندری، مینا(1381). نقاشی روغنی(لاکی) پاپیه ماشه. کتاب ماه هنر، شماره‌ی 53 و 54،ص 148تا 151.
اعتمادالسلطنه، محمدحسن خان(1363). چهل سال تاریخ ایران. به کوشش ایرج افشار. اساطیر. تهران.
افشار مهاجر،کامران(1384). هنرمند ایرانی و مدرنیسم. دانشگاه هنر. تهران.
بیانی، سوسن(1372). اهمیت کاربرد لاک و جلای روغنی در هنرهای ایرانی. موزه‌ها، شماره ی 13و14، ص 2 تا21.
پاکباز، رویین(1389). نقاشی ایرانی، زرین و سیمین. تهران.
حسینی، ملیحه(1388). پژوهشی پیرامون رایج‌ترین شیوه‌های نقاشی قاجار. کتاب ماه هنر، شماره‌ی 138، ص54 تا 61.
خلیلی، ناصر و جولیان رابی(1386). کارهای لاکی، سودابه رفیعی سخایی. کارنگ. تهران.
دارویی، پریسا و محسن مراثی(1390). بررسی تصویرسازی به شیوه لاکی در اصفهان عصر قاجار. نگره، شماره‌ی20، ص32 تا43.
دیبا، لیلا (1374). هنرهای ایران. اثر رونالد فریر. پرویز مرزبان. نشر و پژوهش فرزان روز. تهران.
رابینسون، باسیل ویلیام (1386). نقاشی لاکی در عهد قاجار. اردشیر اشراقی. گلستان هنر، شماره‌ی 9، ص101تا110.
شهدادی، جهانگیر (1384). گل و مرغ دریچه‌ای بر زیبایی شناسی ایرانی. کتاب خورشید. تهران.
کریم زاده‌ی تبریزی، محمدعلی (1379). قلمدان و سایر صنایع روغنی. ساتراپ. لندن.
کریمی. نرگس(1395). پاپیه   ماشه، سازمان فرهنگی تفریحی اصفهان. اصفهان.
کیانی، محمدیوسف(1360). ظرف لاکی رباط شرف. اثر، شماره‌ی5، ص40 تا 53.
مکی نژاد، مهدی (1388). مجموعه مقالات نخستین گردهمایی گنجینه‌های از یاد رفته هنر ایران. فرهنگستان هنر. تهران.

  • Receive Date 17 December 2018
  • Revise Date 31 December 2018
  • Accept Date 07 January 2019